Spectroscopy and Spectrometry, Types of Spectroscopy.  Atomic Spectroscopy: Flame Emission Spectroscopy and X- Ray Spectroscopy                                                                                                                      Molecular Spectroscopy: IR Spectroscopy, UV Spectroscopy and Visible Spectroscopy Nuclear Spectroscopy:  NMR Spectroscopy         

Magnifiers and microscopes, simple and compound microscopes.  Types of microscopy – Optical Microscopy (Bright Field and Dark Field Microscopy, Phase contrast Microscopy, Fluorescence Microscopy, Confocal and Wide Field Deconvolution Microscopy ); Electron Microscopy (SEM, TEM). 

Selection of material, chemical fixation, fixatives,  tissue dehydration using a graded solvent series of ethanol or acetone,  rehydration, infiltration and embedding tissues, sectioning, mounting and staining, alternate methods of microtomy (cryotome, cryostat and vibratome).

Technique, types, applications and limitations. Techniques based on bed shape- Column Chromatography, Paper Chromatography and Thin Layer Chromatography Techniques based on physical state of mobile phase- Gas Chromatography, Liquid Chromatography and High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).

Techniques based on separating mechanism- Ion Exchange Chromatography and Size Exclusion Chromatography                                                     

Sterilization and disinfection, Simple and Complex Media, Preparation of media -solid and liquid media, nutrient agar slabs, slants and plates, Staining techniques, simple and differential staining, Instrumentation,  Inoculation, Pure culture techniques: streak plate, pour plate and spread plate method.